In October of 1952 Helen Frankenthaler, after a trip to Nova Scotia, had a breakthrough with a painting entitled "Mountains and Sea." The painting was abstract and rather than painting the landscape that she saw on her trip, the work portrayed the experience itself. The abstract image was painted using a "soak stain" technique, whereby unprimed canvas duct is painted using oil paint that had been heavily thinned with turpentine. The effects of the technique reinforced the abstract nature of the landscape painting; and when the artists Kenneth Noland and Morris Louis saw it in her studio in New York, their own painting styles were forever changed.
Circle II (II-5) from Kenneth Noland’s celebrated 1978 Handmade Paper Project, is widely regarded as the crowning achievement of this groundbreaking body of work. Measuring an impressive 32 x 20¾ inches, the artwork exemplifies Noland’s enduring fascination with the circle, featuring a central, multi-layered green and dark purple target motif that revisits the iconic geometric imagery for which he is renowned. Created through an innovative process that combines five layers of colored paper pulp with a single monotype lithographic printing, the work explores color, texture, and form beyond the boundaries of traditional painting, achieving a distinctive organic depth. This format allowed Noland to further investigate the circle as an abstract form he likened to a mandala in Tantric art—an image that focuses the eye while encouraging vision to expand outward. Published by Tyler Graphics, Ltd. of Bedford, New York, the piece stands as an important artifact of Noland’s mid-career experimentation and mastery of color. Beautifully framed, it is signed and dated “Noland 78” in pencil at the lower right, annotated “II-5” on the left verso, and bears the publisher’s distinctive blindstamp in the lower right, underscoring its authenticity and significance within Noland’s celebrated oeuvre.
To understand the weight of this piece, one must trace Noland's artistic lineage back to October 1952. It was then that artist Helen Frankenthaler returned from Nova Scotia and created her seminal painting, Mountains and Sea. Rather than capturing a literal landscape, Frankenthaler famously portrayed the raw experience of it through her innovative "soak stain" technique—diluting oil paint with turpentine so it saturated unprimed canvas duct. When Kenneth Noland and Morris Louis witnessed this breakthrough in her New York studio, they were forever changed. On their train ride back to Washington D.C., they realized Frankenthaler had opened the door to their own artistic futures. While Jackson Pollock's action paintings felt too deeply personal to emulate, Frankenthaler provided a fresh, revolutionary way to think about and utilize pure color. Both artists discarded their prior work to start anew: Louis found his rhythm in his Unfurl series, while Noland discovered his ultimate vehicle for expression in the circle.
Noland famously remarked on the hypnotic geometry of his chosen form, stating: "I knew what a circle could do. Both eyes focus on it. It stamps itself out, like a dot. This, in turn, causes one's vision to spread, as in a mandala in Tantric art." Though he would later transition into other dynamic formats throughout his career—such as chevrons, stripes, plaids, and irregular shapes—it was his 1960s soak-stain circle paintings that solidified his legacy as a titan of Color Field art.
Decades later, Noland's preoccupation with the circle found a brilliant new medium. From April to August 1978, Noland collaborated with Tyler Graphics, utilizing oriental and western fibers to create over 200 handmade paper images. As art historian Judith Goldman noted in her 1978 text Kenneth Noland Handmade Papers, the results were staggering. While the images appeared similar at a glance, no two were alike; they ranged in texture from wafer-thin to thick, encrusted surfaces, shifting across a spectacular spectrum of filmy blues, bright yellows, soft purples, and murky grays. For Noland, the process was never merely about papermaking—it was an entirely new frontier for exploring texture and the limits of color.
The Handmade Paper Project yielded works divided into four distinct categories: the Circle I Series (three layers of pulp on smaller sheets), and the Horizontal and Diagonal Stripes Series. However, the crowning achievement of the entire project belongs to the Circle II Series, featured here. Representing his largest and most commanding circles in this medium, the Circle II Series perfectly mirrors the iconic color formats for which Noland is universally recognized. We invite you to visit the gallery and experience the mesmerizing, meditative depth of Circle II (II-5) in person.















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